Chapter Text
David and Jonathan's Covenant
And David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and came and said before Jonathan, What have I done? what is mine iniquity? and what is my sin before thy father, that he seeketh my life?
2And he said unto him, God forbid; thou shalt not die: behold, my father will do nothing either great or small, but that he will shew it me: and why should my father hide this thing from me? it is not so.
3And David sware moreover, and said, Thy father certainly knoweth that I have found grace in thine eyes; and he saith, Let not Jonathan know this, lest he be grieved: but truly as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, there is but a step between me and death.
4Then said Jonathan unto David, Whatsoever thy soul desireth, I will even do it for thee.
5And David said unto Jonathan, Behold, to morrow is the new moon, and I should not fail to sit with the king at meat: but let me go, that I may hide myself in the field unto the third day at even.
6If thy father at all miss me, then say, David earnestly asked leave of me that he might run to Bethlehem his city: for there is a yearly sacrifice there for all the family.
7If he say thus, It is well; thy servant shall have peace: but if he be very wroth, then be sure that evil is determined by him.
8Therefore thou shalt deal kindly with thy servant; for thou hast brought thy servant into a covenant of the LORD with thee: notwithstanding, if there be in me iniquity, slay me thyself; for why shouldest thou bring me to thy father?
9And Jonathan said, Far be it from thee: for if I knew certainly that evil were determined by my father to come upon thee, then would not I tell it thee?
10Then said David to Jonathan, Who shall tell me? or what if thy father answer thee roughly?
Jonathan's Plan
11And Jonathan said unto David, Come, and let us go out into the field. And they went out both of them into the field.
12And Jonathan said unto David, O LORD God of Israel, when I have sounded my father about to morrow any time, or the third day, and, behold, if there be good toward David, and I then send not unto thee, and shew it thee;
13The LORD do so and much more to Jonathan: but if it please my father to do thee evil, then I will shew it thee, and send thee away, that thou mayest go in peace: and the LORD be with thee, as he hath been with my father.
14And thou shalt not only while yet I live shew me the kindness of the LORD, that I die not:
15But also thou shalt not cut off thy kindness from my house for ever: no, not when the LORD hath cut off the enemies of David every one from the face of the earth.
16So Jonathan made a covenant with the house of David, saying, Let the LORD even require it at the hand of David's enemies.
17And Jonathan caused David to swear again, because he loved him: for he loved him as he loved his own soul.
18Then Jonathan said to David, To morrow is the new moon: and thou shalt be missed, because thy seat will be empty.
19And when thou hast stayed three days, then thou shalt go down quickly, and come to the place where thou didst hide thyself when the business was in hand, and shalt remain by the stone Ezel.
20And I will shoot three arrows on the side thereof, as though I shot at a mark.
21And, behold, I will send a lad, saying, Go, find out the arrows. If I expressly say unto the lad, Behold, the arrows are on this side of thee, take them; then come thou: for there is peace to thee, and no hurt; as the LORD liveth.
22But if I say thus unto the young man, Behold, the arrows are beyond thee; go thy way: for the LORD hath sent thee away.
23And as touching the matter which thou and I have spoken of, behold, the LORD be between thee and me for ever.
Saul's Anger at the Feast
24So David hid himself in the field: and when the new moon was come, the king sat him down to eat meat.
25And the king sat upon his seat, as at other times, even upon a seat by the wall: and Jonathan arose, and Abner sat by Saul's side, and David's place was empty.
26Nevertheless Saul spake not any thing that day: for he thought, Something hath befallen him, he is not clean; surely he is not clean.
27And it came to pass on the morrow, which was the second day of the month, that David's place was empty: and Saul said unto Jonathan his son, Wherefore cometh not the son of Jesse to meat, neither yesterday, nor to day?
28And Jonathan answered Saul, David earnestly asked leave of me to go to Bethlehem:
29And he said, Let me go, I pray thee; for our family hath a sacrifice in the city; and my brother, he hath commanded me to be there: and now, if I have found favour in thine eyes, let me get away, I pray thee, and see my brethren. Therefore he cometh not unto the king's table.
30Then Saul's anger was kindled against Jonathan, and he said unto him, Thou son of the perverse rebellious woman, do not I know that thou hast chosen the son of Jesse to thine own confusion, and unto the confusion of thy mother's nakedness?
31For as long as the son of Jesse liveth upon the ground, thou shalt not be established, nor thy kingdom. Wherefore now send and fetch him unto me, for he shall surely die .
32And Jonathan answered Saul his father, and said unto him, Wherefore shall he be slain? what hath he done?
33And Saul cast a javelin at him to smite him: whereby Jonathan knew that it was determined of his father to slay David.
34So Jonathan arose from the table in fierce anger, and did eat no meat the second day of the month: for he was grieved for David, because his father had done him shame.
Jonathan Warns David
35And it came to pass in the morning, that Jonathan went out into the field at the time appointed with David, and a little lad with him.
36And he said unto his lad, Run, find out now the arrows which I shoot. And as the lad ran, he shot an arrow beyond him.
37And when the lad was come to the place of the arrow which Jonathan had shot, Jonathan cried after the lad, and said, Is not the arrow beyond thee?
38And Jonathan cried after the lad, Make speed, haste, stay not. And Jonathan's lad gathered up the arrows , and came to his master.
39But the lad knew not any thing: only Jonathan and David knew the matter.
40And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad, and said unto him, Go, carry them to the city.
41And as soon as the lad was gone, David arose out of a place toward the south, and fell on his face to the ground, and bowed himself three times: and they kissed one another, and wept one with another, until David exceeded.
42And Jonathan said to David, Go in peace, forasmuch as we have sworn both of us in the name of the LORD, saying, The LORD be between me and thee, and between my seed and thy seed for ever. And he arose and departed: and Jonathan went into the city.
Summary
Jonathan's soul is knit to David's, and they make a covenant of friendship. Jonathan gives David his robe, armor, and weapons. David succeeds in every military assignment Saul gives him and is promoted. The women sing that Saul has slain his thousands but David his ten thousands. Saul becomes furiously jealous and twice hurls a javelin at David. He removes David from his presence but makes him a captain, fearing the Lord is with David.
Meaning
The covenant between Jonathan and David is one of Scripture's most profound examples of selfless friendship. Jonathan, the heir to the throne, willingly yields his own position to the one God has chosen.
Saul's jealousy reveals the tragic insecurity of a leader who knows God has departed from him. The contrast between Saul's fear-driven hostility and Jonathan's faith-driven generosity illustrates two responses to God's sovereign choices.
Background
Jonathan's gift of his royal robe and weapons to David was a symbolic acknowledgment of David's future kingship. This was an extraordinary act of self-denial from the crown prince.
The women's song comparing David to Saul would haunt Saul for the rest of his life. The Hebrew construction suggests David was praised as vastly superior, not merely slightly better.
Chapter Outline
- vv. 1-4David appeals to Jonathan for help
- vv. 5-10The plan to test Saul's intentions
- vv. 11-23Jonathan's covenant oath and the arrow signal
- vv. 24-29The new moon feast and David's empty seat
- vv. 30-34Saul's rage against Jonathan
- vv. 35-40The arrow signal confirms David's danger
- vv. 41-42The tearful farewell and covenant reaffirmed
Key Verses
“And David sware moreover, and said, Thy father certainly knoweth that I have found grace in thine eyes; and he saith, Let not Jonathan know this, lest he be grieved: but truly as the LORD liveth, and as thy soul liveth, there is but a step between me and death.”— 20:3
David's sobering declaration — 'there is but a step between me and death' — has become one of Scripture's most memorable expressions of life's fragility and the urgency of trusting God in mortal danger.
“And Jonathan caused David to swear again, because he loved him: for he loved him as he loved his own soul.”— 20:17
This verse captures the depth of covenant friendship, echoing the earlier statement in 18:1. Jonathan's love for David is a model of selfless loyalty that subordinates personal ambition to God's purposes.
“And Jonathan said to David, Go in peace, forasmuch as we have sworn both of us in the name of the LORD, saying, The LORD be between me and thee, and between my seed and thy seed for ever. And he arose and departed: and Jonathan went into the city.”— 20:42
The final farewell seals a multigenerational covenant invoked in the LORD's name. David later honours this oath by showing kindness to Mephibosheth (2 Samuel 9), demonstrating the enduring weight of covenant promises.
People & Places
People
- David — The anointed future king of Israel, now a fugitive fleeing Saul's murderous jealousy.
- Jonathan — Saul's eldest son and heir to the throne, who selflessly binds himself in covenant loyalty to David.
- Saul — The reigning king of Israel, consumed by jealousy and determined to kill David to preserve his dynasty.
- Abner — Commander of Saul's army, seated at the king's table as a member of the royal inner circle.
- Jesse — David's father, referenced by Saul contemptuously as 'the son of Jesse' to diminish David's standing.
Places
- Naioth in Ramah — The prophetic community in Ramah from which David fled after Saul's pursuit (chapter 19).
- Bethlehem — David's hometown, cited as the location of a family sacrifice to provide a plausible excuse for his absence.
- The stone Ezel — A landmark in the field where David hid, serving as the meeting point for Jonathan's arrow signal.
Prophecy & Fulfillment
Jonathan's voluntary surrender of his royal claim to David (vv. 13–16, 42) functions as prophetic acknowledgment that God's anointing has passed to David's line — the very line through which the Messiah would come. Jonathan's covenant oath that the LORD would be 'between my seed and thy seed for ever' (v. 42) anticipates the perpetual Davidic covenant of 2 Samuel 7, ultimately fulfilled in Christ. Jonathan's sacrificial love also foreshadows the greater love of One who would lay down all privilege for the sake of another (Philippians 2:5–8).
Devotional
Few passages in Scripture display friendship as nobly as this chapter. Jonathan had every worldly reason to view David as a rival, yet he chose loyalty over ambition, love over self-preservation. He risked his father's fury — and even a hurled javelin — to protect the man God had chosen.
True friendship is tested not in seasons of ease but in moments of cost. Jonathan's example challenges us: Are we willing to celebrate what God is doing in another's life, even when it diminishes our own position? Do we keep our promises when keeping them is painful?
The covenant between these two men reminds us that the deepest human bonds are those anchored in the LORD Himself — sworn in His name and sustained by His faithfulness.
Literary Style
Historical narrative driven almost entirely by dialogue, giving the chapter an intimate, dramatic quality. The structure moves from private conversation to public feast to open field, mirroring the escalation from suspicion to confirmed danger. The arrow-signal episode functions as a narrative device of dramatic irony — the lad is oblivious while the audience understands the life-or-death stakes encoded in Jonathan's words.