Chapter Text
David Anointed King of Judah
And it came to pass after this, that David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up into any of the cities of Judah? And the LORD said unto him, Go up. And David said, Whither shall I go up? And he said, Unto Hebron.
2So David went up thither, and his two wives also, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail Nabal's wife the Carmelite.
3And his men that were with him did David bring up, every man with his household: and they dwelt in the cities of Hebron.
4And the men of Judah came, and there they anointed David king over the house of Judah. And they told David, saying, That the men of Jabeshgilead were they that buried Saul.
5And David sent messengers unto the men of Jabeshgilead , and said unto them, Blessed be ye of the LORD, that ye have shewed this kindness unto your lord, even unto Saul, and have buried him.
6And now the LORD shew kindness and truth unto you: and I also will requite you this kindness, because ye have done this thing.
7Therefore now let your hands be strengthened, and be ye valiant : for your master Saul is dead, and also the house of Judah have anointed me king over them.
War Between the Houses
8But Abner the son of Ner, captain of Saul's host, took Ishbosheth the son of Saul, and brought him over to Mahanaim;
9And made him king over Gilead, and over the Ashurites, and over Jezreel, and over Ephraim, and over Benjamin, and over all Israel.
10Ishbosheth Saul's son was forty years old when he began to reign over Israel, and reigned two years. But the house of Judah followed David.
11And the time that David was king in Hebron over the house of Judah was seven years and six months.
12And Abner the son of Ner, and the servants of Ishbosheth the son of Saul, went out from Mahanaim to Gibeon.
13And Joab the son of Zeruiah, and the servants of David, went out, and met together by the pool of Gibeon: and they sat down, the one on the one side of the pool, and the other on the other side of the pool.
14And Abner said to Joab, Let the young men now arise, and play before us. And Joab said, Let them arise.
15Then there arose and went over by number twelve of Benjamin, which pertained to Ishbosheth the son of Saul, and twelve of the servants of David.
16And they caught every one his fellow by the head, and thrust his sword in his fellow's side; so they fell down together: wherefore that place was called Helkathhazzurim, which is in Gibeon.
17And there was a very sore battle that day; and Abner was beaten, and the men of Israel, before the servants of David.
18And there were three sons of Zeruiah there, Joab, and Abishai, and Asahel: and Asahel was as light of foot as a wild roe.
19And Asahel pursued after Abner; and in going he turned not to the right hand nor to the left from following Abner.
20Then Abner looked behind him, and said, Art thou Asahel? And he answered, I am.
21And Abner said to him, Turn thee aside to thy right hand or to thy left, and lay thee hold on one of the young men, and take thee his armour. But Asahel would not turn aside from following of him.
22And Abner said again to Asahel, Turn thee aside from following me: wherefore should I smite thee to the ground? how then should I hold up my face to Joab thy brother?
23Howbeit he refused to turn aside: wherefore Abner with the hinder end of the spear smote him under the fifth rib, that the spear came out behind him; and he fell down there, and died in the same place: and it came to pass, that as many as came to the place where Asahel fell down and died stood still.
24Joab also and Abishai pursued after Abner: and the sun went down when they were come to the hill of Ammah, that lieth before Giah by the way of the wilderness of Gibeon.
25And the children of Benjamin gathered themselves together after Abner, and became one troop, and stood on the top of an hill.
26Then Abner called to Joab, and said, Shall the sword devour for ever? knowest thou not that it will be bitterness in the latter end? how long shall it be then, ere thou bid the people return from following their brethren?
27And Joab said, As God liveth, unless thou hadst spoken, surely then in the morning the people had gone up every one from following his brother.
28So Joab blew a trumpet, and all the people stood still, and pursued after Israel no more, neither fought they any more.
29And Abner and his men walked all that night through the plain, and passed over Jordan, and went through all Bithron, and they came to Mahanaim.
30And Joab returned from following Abner: and when he had gathered all the people together, there lacked of David's servants nineteen men and Asahel.
31But the servants of David had smitten of Benjamin, and of Abner's men, so that three hundred and threescore men died.
32And they took up Asahel, and buried him in the sepulchre of his father, which was in Bethlehem. And Joab and his men went all night, and they came to Hebron at break of day.
Summary
David inquires of the Lord and is directed to go up to Hebron, where the men of Judah anoint him king over their tribe. Meanwhile, Abner, Saul's general, installs Ish-bosheth, Saul's surviving son, as king over the remaining tribes of Israel.
This sets the stage for a prolonged civil conflict between the house of David and the house of Saul, with two rival kingdoms existing side by side.
Meaning
David's habit of seeking God's guidance before acting stands as a model of faithful leadership. He does not seize the throne by force but waits upon divine direction, accepting partial fulfillment of the promise rather than grasping for the whole.
The division of the kingdom illustrates how human ambition and political maneuvering create obstacles to God's purposes. Yet the Lord's plan moves forward steadily, teaching that patience and obedience ultimately prevail over scheming and power.
Background
Hebron was an ancient city of great significance, associated with Abraham and Caleb. It served as David's capital for seven and a half years before Jerusalem was conquered. Ish-bosheth, also called Esh-baal, was a weak ruler largely controlled by Abner.
The tribal division reflected deep tensions between Judah in the south and the northern tribes.
Chapter Outline
- vv. 1-4aDavid anointed king at Hebron
- vv. 4b-7David honors the men of Jabeshgilead
- vv. 8-11Ishbosheth set up as rival king
- vv. 12-17The contest at the pool of Gibeon
- vv. 18-23Asahel slain by Abner
- vv. 24-28Abner pleads for an end to the slaughter
- vv. 29-32Both armies withdraw and Asahel buried
Key Verses
“And it came to pass after this, that David enquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up into any of the cities of Judah? And the LORD said unto him, Go up. And David said, Whither shall I go up? And he said, Unto Hebron.”— 2:1
David's first act after Saul's death is to seek the LORD rather than seize power. This pattern of inquiry models dependence on divine guidance even when an opportunity seems obvious.
“And the men of Judah came, and there they anointed David king over the house of Judah. And they told David, saying, That the men of Jabeshgilead were they that buried Saul.”— 2:4
This anointing at Hebron is the second of David's three anointings (cf. 1 Sam 16; 2 Sam 5:3) and marks the partial fulfillment of Samuel's prophecy that David would reign.
“Then Abner called to Joab, and said, Shall the sword devour for ever? knowest thou not that it will be bitterness in the latter end? how long shall it be then, ere thou bid the people return from following their brethren?”— 2:26
Abner's plea captures the tragedy of civil war among brethren and foreshadows the long bitterness that will mark the Saul-David conflict and Joab's own bloody legacy.
People & Places
People
- David — The newly anointed king of Judah who inquires of the LORD before acting.
- Ahinoam the Jezreelitess — One of David's two wives who accompanies him to Hebron.
- Abigail — Formerly Nabal's wife, now David's wife, accompanying him to Hebron.
- Abner son of Ner — Captain of Saul's army who installs Ishbosheth as rival king and later kills Asahel.
- Ishbosheth — Saul's surviving son, made king over Israel by Abner as a rival to David.
- Joab son of Zeruiah — David's military commander and nephew, leader of the forces at Gibeon.
- Abishai — Brother of Joab and son of Zeruiah, one of David's chief warriors.
- Asahel — Youngest son of Zeruiah, swift of foot, slain by Abner during the pursuit.
- Saul — The fallen king of Israel, recently buried by the men of Jabeshgilead.
Places
- Hebron — Ancient city in Judah where David is anointed king and reigns seven and a half years.
- Jabeshgilead — Town east of the Jordan whose men bravely buried Saul, earning David's blessing.
- Mahanaim — Trans-Jordan stronghold where Abner establishes Ishbosheth's rival throne.
- Gibeon — Site of the pool where the deadly contest and battle between the two armies erupts.
- Helkathhazzurim — The 'field of strong men' near Gibeon, named for the twelve-on-twelve combat fought there.
- Bethlehem — David's hometown, where Asahel is buried in his father's sepulchre.
- Bithron — A region east of the Jordan through which Abner's army retreats to Mahanaim.
Prophecy & Fulfillment
David's anointing at Hebron (v. 4) marks the partial fulfillment of Samuel's earlier prophecy that the LORD had chosen David to replace Saul (1 Sam 16:1-13). Yet the kingdom is divided, with only Judah following David while Israel follows Ishbosheth — a foreshadowing of the later north-south split under Rehoboam. The seven-and-a-half-year wait at Hebron (v. 11) demonstrates that God's promises often unfold gradually, with David's full reign over all Israel still anticipated in 2 Samuel 5.
Devotional
David's first move after Saul's death is not to grasp the throne but to ask, "Shall I go up?" Power within reach still bends to prayer. He waits on God's word for the where as well as the whether.
Notice too how David honors the men of Jabeshgilead for their kindness to his old enemy. Generosity toward those who loved Saul reveals a heart not poisoned by years of pursuit.
And Abner's lament — "Shall the sword devour for ever?" — still asks us where our quarrels are heading. Some fights must end before bitterness becomes our inheritance.
Literary Style
Historical narrative with embedded dialogue and a brief regnal formula (vv. 10-11). The chapter blends political chronicle with vivid battle reportage, employing an etiological place-name (Helkathhazzurim) and a simile likening Asahel to a wild roe to heighten the tragic pursuit scene.