Chapter Text
The Parable of the Tenants
And he began to speak unto them by parables. A certain man planted a vineyard, and set an hedge about it, and digged a place for the winefat, and built a tower, and let it out to husbandmen, and went into a far country.
2And at the season he sent to the husbandmen a servant, that he might receive from the husbandmen of the fruit of the vineyard.
3And they caught him, and beat him, and sent him away empty.
4And again he sent unto them another servant; and at him they cast stones, and wounded him in the head, and sent him away shamefully handled.
5And again he sent another; and him they killed, and many others; beating some, and killing some.
6Having yet therefore one son, his wellbeloved, he sent him also last unto them, saying, They will reverence my son.
7But those husbandmen said among themselves, This is the heir; come, let us kill him, and the inheritance shall be ours.
8And they took him, and killed him, and cast him out of the vineyard.
9What shall therefore the lord of the vineyard do? he will come and destroy the husbandmen, and will give the vineyard unto others.
10And have ye not read this scripture; The stone which the builders rejected is become the head of the corner:
11This was the Lord's doing , and it is marvellous in our eyes?
12And they sought to lay hold on him, but feared the people: for they knew that he had spoken the parable against them: and they left him, and went their way.
Paying Taxes to Caesar
13And they send unto him certain of the Pharisees and of the Herodians, to catch him in his words.
14And when they were come, they say unto him, Master, we know that thou art true, and carest for no man: for thou regardest not the person of men, but teachest the way of God in truth: Is it lawful to give tribute to Caesar, or not?
15Shall we give, or shall we not give? But he, knowing their hypocrisy, said unto them, Why tempt ye me? bring me a penny, that I may see it.
16And they brought it. And he saith unto them, Whose is this image and superscription? And they said unto him, Caesar's.
17And Jesus answering said unto them, Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's. And they marvelled at him.
Marriage at the Resurrection
18Then come unto him the Sadducees, which say there is no resurrection; and they asked him, saying,
19Master, Moses wrote unto us, If a man's brother die, and leave his wife behind him, and leave no children, that his brother should take his wife, and raise up seed unto his brother.
20Now there were seven brethren: and the first took a wife, and dying left no seed.
21And the second took her, and died, neither left he any seed: and the third likewise.
22And the seven had her, and left no seed: last of all the woman died also.
23In the resurrection therefore, when they shall rise, whose wife shall she be of them? for the seven had her to wife.
24And Jesus answering said unto them, Do ye not therefore err, because ye know not the scriptures, neither the power of God?
25For when they shall rise from the dead, they neither marry, nor are given in marriage; but are as the angels which are in heaven.
26And as touching the dead, that they rise: have ye not read in the book of Moses, how in the bush God spake unto him, saying, I am the God of Abraham, and the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob?
27He is not the God of the dead, but the God of the living: ye therefore do greatly err.
The Greatest Commandment
28And one of the scribes came, and having heard them reasoning together, and perceiving that he had answered them well, asked him, Which is the first commandment of all?
29And Jesus answered him, The first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God is one Lord:
30And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength: this is the first commandment.
31And the second is like, namely this , Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. There is none other commandment greater than these.
32And the scribe said unto him, Well, Master, thou hast said the truth: for there is one God; and there is none other but he:
33And to love him with all the heart, and with all the understanding, and with all the soul, and with all the strength, and to love his neighbour as himself, is more than all whole burnt offerings and sacrifices.
34And when Jesus saw that he answered discreetly, he said unto him, Thou art not far from the kingdom of God. And no man after that durst ask him any question.
Whose Son Is the Christ?
35And Jesus answered and said, while he taught in the temple, How say the scribes that Christ is the Son of David?
36For David himself said by the Holy Ghost, The LORD said to my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool .
37David therefore himself calleth him Lord; and whence is he then his son? And the common people heard him gladly.
Warning Against the Scribes
38And he said unto them in his doctrine, Beware of the scribes, which love to go in long clothing, and love salutations in the marketplaces,
39And the chief seats in the synagogues, and the uppermost rooms at feasts:
40Which devour widows' houses, and for a pretence make long prayers: these shall receive greater damnation.
The Widow's Offering
41And Jesus sat over against the treasury, and beheld how the people cast money into the treasury: and many that were rich cast in much.
42And there came a certain poor widow, and she threw in two mites, which make a farthing.
43And he called unto him his disciples, and saith unto them, Verily I say unto you, That this poor widow hath cast more in, than all they which have cast into the treasury:
44For all they did cast in of their abundance; but she of her want did cast in all that she had, even all her living.
Summary
Jesus tells the parable of the wicked husbandmen who kill the owner's servants and finally his son, clearly representing Israel's leaders who rejected God's prophets and would reject His Son. The leaders recognize the parable is directed at them but fear the people.
The Pharisees and Herodians try to trap Jesus with the question about paying tribute to Caesar. The Sadducees test Him with a question about the resurrection. A scribe asks about the greatest commandment, and Jesus responds with love for God and love for neighbor. Jesus warns against the scribes' pride and commends a poor widow whose two mites exceed all other offerings.
Meaning
The parable of the wicked husbandmen is a compressed history of Israel's rejection of God's messengers, culminating in the rejection of the Son Himself. The stone rejected by the builders becoming the head of the corner prophesies that what the leaders reject, God will exalt.
The widow's offering teaches that God measures giving not by the amount but by the sacrifice. She gave all that she had, her whole living, making her small gift greater in God's sight than the large gifts of the wealthy who gave from their surplus. Generosity is measured by what remains, not by what is given.
Background
Tenant farming was common in first-century Palestine. Absentee landowners would lease vineyards to tenant farmers who owed a portion of the harvest as rent. The imagery of the vineyard for Israel was well established from Isaiah 5.
The widow's two mites, or lepta, were the smallest coins in circulation, together worth less than a penny. The contrast between her offering and the scribes who devour widows' houses is intentional and pointed.
Chapter Outline
- vv. 1-12The Parable of the Wicked Husbandmen
- vv. 13-17Tribute to Caesar
- vv. 18-27The Sadducees and the Resurrection
- vv. 28-34The Greatest Commandment
- vv. 35-37David's Son and David's Lord
- vv. 38-40Warning Against the Scribes
- vv. 41-44The Widow's Two Mites
Key Verses
“And Jesus answering said unto them, Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's. And they marvelled at him.”— 12:17
Jesus' celebrated answer establishes a foundational principle for the Christian's dual citizenship, distinguishing civil obligation from ultimate allegiance to God.
“And thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength: this is the first commandment.”— 12:30
Drawing from the Shema of Deuteronomy 6, Jesus identifies wholehearted love for God as the supreme commandment, the cornerstone of biblical ethics.
“And the second is like, namely this, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. There is none other commandment greater than these.”— 12:31
Paired with love for God, this commandment summarizes the entire moral law and has shaped Christian ethics for two millennia.
“For all they did cast in of their abundance; but she of her want did cast in all that she had, even all her living.”— 12:44
The widow's mite has become the enduring biblical emblem of sacrificial giving, teaching that God measures generosity by cost rather than amount.
People & Places
People
- Jesus — The Christ, teaching in the temple during Passion Week and confronting the religious establishment.
- Pharisees — Religious party sent to entrap Jesus with the question on tribute to Caesar.
- Herodians — Political supporters of Herod's dynasty, allied here with the Pharisees against Jesus.
- Sadducees — Priestly aristocracy who denied the resurrection and tested Jesus with a hypothetical levirate marriage.
- Caesar — The Roman emperor (Tiberius), whose image on the denarius prompts Jesus' teaching on civil duty.
- Moses — Cited as the lawgiver who instituted levirate marriage and recorded God's self-revelation at the burning bush.
- Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob — The patriarchs whom Jesus invokes to prove the resurrection from the Torah itself.
- David — Israel's king and psalmist, quoted from Psalm 110 to demonstrate Messiah's divine lordship.
- The poor widow — An anonymous woman whose two mites become Jesus' lasting illustration of sacrificial devotion.
Places
- The temple — The Jerusalem sanctuary where Jesus teaches, debates his opponents, and observes the treasury.
- The treasury — The court of the women in the temple, where offering receptacles received gifts from worshippers.
Prophecy & Fulfillment
Jesus quotes Psalm 118:22-23 in verses 10-11, identifying himself as the rejected stone that becomes the chief cornerstone—a prophecy applied throughout the New Testament to his rejection and vindication. The parable of the wicked husbandmen (vv. 1-9) draws on Isaiah 5's vineyard song and forecasts his own death at the hands of Israel's leaders, with the kingdom passing to others. In verses 35-37 Jesus cites Psalm 110:1, demonstrating from David's own words that Messiah is not merely David's son but his Lord, anticipating the resurrection and exaltation to God's right hand.
Devotional
Mark 12 confronts us with the question of where our true allegiance lies. Jesus refuses to let religion become a performance, exposing scribes who love prominence while devouring widows' houses, and honoring instead a nameless woman who gave everything she had.
The great commandment reminds us that faith is not a compartment of life but its center—heart, soul, mind, and strength belong to God, and that love overflows toward our neighbor. Whether we are paying taxes, answering hard questions, or dropping coins into an offering, the measure is the same: have we given God what bears his image—ourselves?
Literary Style
Gospel narrative woven from a parable, four controversy dialogues, and a closing object lesson. Mark employs rapid scene changes, vivid direct speech, and Old Testament citation, building dramatic tension as Jesus silences each opponent and reframes their questions around the kingdom of God.