Chapter Text
Lessons from Israel's History
Maschil of Asaph. Give ear, O my people, to my law: incline your ears to the words of my mouth.
2I will open my mouth in a parable: I will utter dark sayings of old:
3Which we have heard and known, and our fathers have told us.
4We will not hide them from their children, shewing to the generation to come the praises of the LORD, and his strength, and his wonderful works that he hath done.
5For he established a testimony in Jacob, and appointed a law in Israel, which he commanded our fathers, that they should make them known to their children:
6That the generation to come might know them, even the children which should be born; who should arise and declare them to their children:
7That they might set their hope in God, and not forget the works of God, but keep his commandments:
8And might not be as their fathers, a stubborn and rebellious generation; a generation that set not their heart aright, and whose spirit was not stedfast with God.
9The children of Ephraim, being armed, and carrying bows, turned back in the day of battle.
10They kept not the covenant of God, and refused to walk in his law;
11And forgat his works, and his wonders that he had shewed them.
God's Wonders in Egypt
12Marvellous things did he in the sight of their fathers, in the land of Egypt, in the field of Zoan.
13He divided the sea, and caused them to pass through; and he made the waters to stand as an heap.
14In the daytime also he led them with a cloud, and all the night with a light of fire.
15He clave the rocks in the wilderness, and gave them drink as out of the great depths.
16He brought streams also out of the rock, and caused waters to run down like rivers.
17And they sinned yet more against him by provoking the most High in the wilderness.
18And they tempted God in their heart by asking meat for their lust.
19Yea, they spake against God; they said, Can God furnish a table in the wilderness?
20Behold, he smote the rock, that the waters gushed out, and the streams overflowed; can he give bread also? can he provide flesh for his people?
21Therefore the LORD heard this, and was wroth: so a fire was kindled against Jacob, and anger also came up against Israel;
22Because they believed not in God, and trusted not in his salvation:
23Though he had commanded the clouds from above, and opened the doors of heaven,
24And had rained down manna upon them to eat, and had given them of the corn of heaven.
25Man did eat angels' food: he sent them meat to the full.
26He caused an east wind to blow in the heaven: and by his power he brought in the south wind.
27He rained flesh also upon them as dust, and feathered fowls like as the sand of the sea:
28And he let it fall in the midst of their camp, round about their habitations.
29So they did eat, and were well filled: for he gave them their own desire;
30They were not estranged from their lust. But while their meat was yet in their mouths,
31The wrath of God came upon them, and slew the fattest of them, and smote down the chosen men of Israel.
32For all this they sinned still, and believed not for his wondrous works.
33Therefore their days did he consume in vanity, and their years in trouble.
34When he slew them, then they sought him: and they returned and enquired early after God.
35And they remembered that God was their rock, and the high God their redeemer.
36Nevertheless they did flatter him with their mouth, and they lied unto him with their tongues.
37For their heart was not right with him, neither were they stedfast in his covenant.
38But he, being full of compassion, forgave their iniquity, and destroyed them not: yea, many a time turned he his anger away, and did not stir up all his wrath.
39For he remembered that they were but flesh; a wind that passeth away, and cometh not again.
Israel's Rebellion in the Wilderness
40How oft did they provoke him in the wilderness, and grieve him in the desert!
41Yea, they turned back and tempted God, and limited the Holy One of Israel.
42They remembered not his hand, nor the day when he delivered them from the enemy.
43How he had wrought his signs in Egypt, and his wonders in the field of Zoan:
44And had turned their rivers into blood; and their floods, that they could not drink.
45He sent divers sorts of flies among them, which devoured them; and frogs, which destroyed them.
46He gave also their increase unto the caterpiller, and their labour unto the locust.
47He destroyed their vines with hail, and their sycomore trees with frost.
48He gave up their cattle also to the hail, and their flocks to hot thunderbolts.
49He cast upon them the fierceness of his anger, wrath, and indignation, and trouble, by sending evil angels among them.
50He made a way to his anger; he spared not their soul from death, but gave their life over to the pestilence;
51And smote all the firstborn in Egypt; the chief of their strength in the tabernacles of Ham:
52But made his own people to go forth like sheep, and guided them in the wilderness like a flock.
53And he led them on safely, so that they feared not: but the sea overwhelmed their enemies.
54And he brought them to the border of his sanctuary, even to this mountain, which his right hand had purchased.
55He cast out the heathen also before them, and divided them an inheritance by line, and made the tribes of Israel to dwell in their tents.
Israel in the Promised Land
56Yet they tempted and provoked the most high God, and kept not his testimonies:
57But turned back, and dealt unfaithfully like their fathers: they were turned aside like a deceitful bow.
58For they provoked him to anger with their high places, and moved him to jealousy with their graven images.
59When God heard this, he was wroth, and greatly abhorred Israel:
60So that he forsook the tabernacle of Shiloh, the tent which he placed among men;
61And delivered his strength into captivity, and his glory into the enemy's hand.
62He gave his people over also unto the sword; and was wroth with his inheritance.
63The fire consumed their young men; and their maidens were not given to marriage.
64Their priests fell by the sword; and their widows made no lamentation.
65Then the Lord awaked as one out of sleep, and like a mighty man that shouteth by reason of wine.
66And he smote his enemies in the hinder parts: he put them to a perpetual reproach.
67Moreover he refused the tabernacle of Joseph, and chose not the tribe of Ephraim:
68But chose the tribe of Judah, the mount Zion which he loved.
69And he built his sanctuary like high palaces, like the earth which he hath established for ever.
70He chose David also his servant, and took him from the sheepfolds :
71From following the ewes great with young he brought him to feed Jacob his people, and Israel his inheritance.
72So he fed them according to the integrity of his heart; and guided them by the skilfulness of his hands.
Summary
Psalm 78 is a lengthy historical psalm recounting Israel's story from the Exodus through the establishment of David's kingdom. It traces a recurring cycle of God's mighty works, Israel's forgetfulness and rebellion, divine judgment, and renewed mercy.
The psalm rehearses the plagues of Egypt, the parting of the sea, provision of manna and water in the wilderness, and the people's persistent unfaithfulness despite these wonders. It culminates in God's choice of Judah, Mount Zion, and David as shepherd-king.
Meaning
This psalm serves as a theological interpretation of Israel's history, emphasizing that each generation must transmit the knowledge of God's deeds to the next. Forgetfulness of God's works leads inevitably to disobedience and judgment.
The psalm reveals God's patience and compassion even in the face of persistent rebellion. He remembered that they were but flesh, a wind that passes and does not return. Yet divine mercy has limits, and the psalm soberly records the consequences of provoking the Holy One of Israel.
The conclusion points to God's sovereign election of David as the faithful shepherd, foreshadowing the Messianic hope.
Background
Attributed to Asaph and classified as a Maschil, or instructional psalm, this is one of the longest psalms in the Psalter. It functions as a poetic retelling of salvation history for didactic purposes.
The psalm was likely composed during the early monarchy and reflects the theological perspective that history itself is a primary vehicle for teaching faith to subsequent generations.
Chapter Outline
- vv. 1-8Charge to Teach the Next Generation
- vv. 9-16Ephraim's Failure and God's Wonders in Egypt
- vv. 17-31Rebellion and Manna in the Wilderness
- vv. 32-39Hollow Repentance Met with Compassion
- vv. 40-55The Plagues of Egypt and Conquest of Canaan
- vv. 56-64Apostasy and the Forsaking of Shiloh
- vv. 65-72God Chooses Judah, Zion, and David
Key Verses
“I will open my mouth in a parable: I will utter dark sayings of old:”— 78:2
Quoted in Matthew 13:35 as fulfilled in Christ's parabolic teaching, making this verse a key New Testament prophetic citation about Messianic instruction.
“We will not hide them from their children, shewing to the generation to come the praises of the LORD, and his strength, and his wonderful works that he hath done.”— 78:4
A foundational text for generational discipleship and the duty of passing faith from parents to children, frequently cited in family ministry.
“But he, being full of compassion, forgave their iniquity, and destroyed them not: yea, many a time turned he his anger away, and did not stir up all his wrath.”— 78:38
A pivotal declaration of divine mercy amid judgment, showcasing God's patient compassion toward a stubborn people.
“He chose David also his servant, and took him from the sheepfolds:”— 78:70
Marks the divine election of David from shepherd to king, foreshadowing Christ the Good Shepherd descended from David's line.
People & Places
People
- Asaph — Levitical chief musician appointed by David, traditional author of this historical psalm.
- Jacob/Israel — The patriarch whose name designates the covenant people throughout the psalm.
- Children of Ephraim — Northern tribe singled out for failing in battle and abandoning the covenant.
- Joseph — Patriarch whose tribal tabernacle (Ephraim) God rejected in favor of Judah.
- David — Shepherd-king chosen by God to feed and lead Israel with integrity.
Places
- Egypt — Land of Israel's bondage, where God wrought the plagues and signs of deliverance.
- Field of Zoan — Region in the eastern Nile Delta where Pharaoh's court witnessed God's wonders.
- Wilderness — Setting of Israel's wandering, testing, and repeated provocations against God.
- Shiloh — Early sanctuary site for the tabernacle, forsaken by God after Israel's apostasy.
- Mount Zion — The Jerusalem hill chosen by God as the enduring site of His sanctuary.
- Tabernacles of Ham — Poetic name for Egypt, where the firstborn were struck down.
Prophecy & Fulfillment
Verse 2 is directly cited in Matthew 13:34-35 as fulfilled when Jesus taught the multitudes in parables, identifying Asaph's psalm as prophetic of Christ's teaching ministry that would unveil things hidden from the foundation of the world. Additionally, the choice of David from the sheepfolds (vv. 70-72) prefigures the Greater David, Jesus the Good Shepherd (John 10), who shepherds God's people with integrity. The rejection of Shiloh and election of Zion (vv. 60, 68) anticipates the establishment of the Messianic kingdom centered in Jerusalem.
Devotional
Psalm 78 is a sobering family heirloom—a father's warning passed down so the next generation might not repeat the failures of the last. It asks an uncomfortable question: what are we handing on?
The Israelites had every reason to trust God. They had seen the sea split, manna fall, and water flow from rock. Yet memory faded, and forgetfulness bred unbelief. Our own lives are full of answered prayers we have already stopped recounting.
Take time today to remember—and to tell someone younger. God's compassion (v. 38) outlasts our forgetfulness, but gratitude rehearsed becomes faith inherited.
Literary Style
A historical psalm and didactic maschil attributed to Asaph, blending Hebrew narrative poetry with wisdom instruction. It employs parabolic framing (v. 2), extensive parallelism, vivid recapitulation of the Exodus, and a contrastive structure juxtaposing Israel's rebellion with God's covenant faithfulness.