Chapter Text
Paul Appeals to Caesar
Now when Festus was come into the province, after three days he ascended from Caesarea to Jerusalem.
2Then the high priest and the chief of the Jews informed him against Paul, and besought him,
3And desired favour against him, that he would send for him to Jerusalem, laying wait in the way to kill him.
4But Festus answered, that Paul should be kept at Caesarea, and that he himself would depart shortly thither.
5Let them therefore, said he, which among you are able, go down with me, and accuse this man, if there be any wickedness in him.
6And when he had tarried among them more than ten days, he went down unto Caesarea; and the next day sitting on the judgment seat commanded Paul to be brought.
7And when he was come, the Jews which came down from Jerusalem stood round about, and laid many and grievous complaints against Paul, which they could not prove.
8While he answered for himself, Neither against the law of the Jews, neither against the temple, nor yet against Caesar, have I offended any thing at all.
9But Festus, willing to do the Jews a pleasure, answered Paul, and said, Wilt thou go up to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these things before me?
10Then said Paul, I stand at Caesar's judgment seat, where I ought to be judged: to the Jews have I done no wrong, as thou very well knowest.
11For if I be an offender, or have committed any thing worthy of death, I refuse not to die: but if there be none of these things whereof these accuse me, no man may deliver me unto them. I appeal unto Caesar.
12Then Festus, when he had conferred with the council, answered, Hast thou appealed unto Caesar? unto Caesar shalt thou go.
Paul Before Agrippa
13And after certain days king Agrippa and Bernice came unto Caesarea to salute Festus.
14And when they had been there many days, Festus declared Paul's cause unto the king, saying, There is a certain man left in bonds by Felix:
15About whom, when I was at Jerusalem, the chief priests and the elders of the Jews informed me, desiring to have judgment against him.
16To whom I answered, It is not the manner of the Romans to deliver any man to die, before that he which is accused have the accusers face to face , and have licence to answer for himself concerning the crime laid against him.
17Therefore, when they were come hither, without any delay on the morrow I sat on the judgment seat, and commanded the man to be brought forth.
18Against whom when the accusers stood up, they brought none accusation of such things as I supposed:
19But had certain questions against him of their own superstition, and of one Jesus, which was dead, whom Paul affirmed to be alive.
20And because I doubted of such manner of questions, I asked him whether he would go to Jerusalem, and there be judged of these matters.
21But when Paul had appealed to be reserved unto the hearing of Augustus, I commanded him to be kept till I might send him to Caesar.
22Then Agrippa said unto Festus, I would also hear the man myself. To morrow, said he, thou shalt hear him.
23And on the morrow, when Agrippa was come, and Bernice, with great pomp, and was entered into the place of hearing, with the chief captains, and principal men of the city, at Festus' commandment Paul was brought forth.
24And Festus said, King Agrippa, and all men which are here present with us, ye see this man, about whom all the multitude of the Jews have dealt with me, both at Jerusalem, and also here, crying that he ought not to live any longer.
25But when I found that he had committed nothing worthy of death, and that he himself hath appealed to Augustus, I have determined to send him.
26Of whom I have no certain thing to write unto my lord. Wherefore I have brought him forth before you, and specially before thee, O king Agrippa, that, after examination had, I might have somewhat to write.
27For it seemeth to me unreasonable to send a prisoner, and not withal to signify the crimes laid against him.
Summary
The new governor Festus arrives and the Jewish leaders immediately press charges against Paul. Festus proposes that Paul be tried in Jerusalem, but Paul, knowing the danger, appeals to Caesar. Shortly after, King Agrippa and Bernice arrive in Caesarea, and Festus presents Paul's case to them. Agrippa expresses interest in hearing Paul, and a hearing is arranged. Festus admits he can find no crime worthy of death and hopes Agrippa can help him formulate charges to send with the appeal to Rome.
Meaning
Paul's appeal to Caesar is a bold exercise of his rights as a Roman citizen, yet it also serves God's revealed purpose that Paul must testify in Rome. What appears to be a legal maneuver is in fact the means by which divine providence moves the gospel toward the center of the empire.
Festus's inability to specify charges against Paul underscores the innocence of the apostle and the groundlessness of the accusations. The irony that a Roman governor needs help determining what to write to the emperor about a Jewish prisoner highlights the gospel's disruptive power — it defies the categories of worldly authority.
Background
Porcius Festus succeeded Felix as governor around AD 59 and was generally regarded as more competent and fair. Agrippa II was the son of the Herod who killed James in Acts 12 and ruled territories northeast of Palestine. Bernice was Agrippa's sister, and their relationship was the subject of Roman gossip. The right of appeal to Caesar was a fundamental privilege of Roman citizenship that could not be denied.
Chapter Outline
- vv. 1-5Festus visits Jerusalem and resists a plot
- vv. 6-8Paul tried again at Caesarea
- vv. 9-12Paul appeals unto Caesar
- vv. 13-22Festus consults King Agrippa
- vv. 23-27Paul presented before Agrippa and Bernice
Key Verses
“For if I be an offender, or have committed any thing worthy of death, I refuse not to die: but if there be none of these things whereof these accuse me, no man may deliver me unto them. I appeal unto Caesar.”— 25:11
Paul's formal appeal to Caesar—a right of Roman citizenship—pivots the entire trajectory of Acts toward Rome, fulfilling Christ's promise that Paul would bear witness in the imperial capital.
“But had certain questions against him of their own superstition, and of one Jesus, which was dead, whom Paul affirmed to be alive.”— 25:19
Festus unwittingly summarizes the heart of the gospel: the resurrection of Jesus. Even a pagan governor recognizes that the central issue is whether Christ is alive.
“While he answered for himself, Neither against the law of the Jews, neither against the temple, nor yet against Caesar, have I offended any thing at all.”— 25:8
Paul's threefold denial establishes his innocence under Jewish, religious, and Roman law, underscoring Luke's apologetic aim to show Christianity as no threat to civic order.
People & Places
People
- Festus — The new Roman procurator of Judea who succeeds Felix and inherits Paul's case.
- Paul — The apostle held in Roman custody at Caesarea, who appeals to Caesar to escape Jewish plots.
- King Agrippa — Herod Agrippa II, the last of the Herodian kings, who comes to hear Paul's case.
- Bernice — Sister and consort of Agrippa II, who accompanies him with great pomp to Caesarea.
- Jesus — Mentioned by Festus as the one Paul affirms to be alive though He had died.
- Augustus — The reigning Caesar (Nero), to whose tribunal Paul appeals as a Roman citizen.
Places
- Caesarea — The Roman provincial capital on the Mediterranean coast where Paul is imprisoned and tried.
- Jerusalem — The Jewish religious center where Festus first meets the chief priests pressing charges against Paul.
- Rome — The imperial capital implied by Paul's appeal to Caesar, the destination toward which the narrative now drives.
Prophecy & Fulfillment
Paul's appeal to Caesar in verses 11-12 directly advances the fulfillment of Christ's word in Acts 23:11, where the Lord stood by Paul and declared, 'as thou hast testified of me in Jerusalem, so must thou bear witness also at Rome.' The Jewish ambush plotted in verse 3 cannot thwart this divine purpose. Even Festus' political vacillation becomes the providential instrument by which Paul is moved toward the imperial throne, echoing the Lord's earlier word to Ananias that Paul would bear His name 'before the Gentiles, and kings' (Acts 9:15).
Devotional
Paul stands trial under shifting governors and scheming accusers, yet he never loses his composure or his conviction. When earthly justice wavers, he calmly invokes the rights he has and entrusts the rest to God's purposes.
There is wisdom here for anyone caught in unfair circumstances. Paul does not lash out, nor does he passively surrender. He speaks truth, uses lawful means, and trusts that God is steering even hostile authorities toward His ends.
When your situation feels stalled or unjust, remember: the same providence that moved Paul toward Rome is moving in your story too.
Literary Style
Historical narrative in Luke's polished Hellenistic Greek style, featuring formal legal proceedings, reported dialogue, and an apologetic structure. The chapter alternates between courtroom scenes and private consultation, employing Roman judicial terminology to frame Paul's case with documentary precision.